{"id":5104,"date":"2021-10-12T20:57:10","date_gmt":"2021-10-12T17:57:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.klimik.org.tr\/koronavirus\/?p=5104"},"modified":"2021-10-18T21:49:09","modified_gmt":"2021-10-18T18:49:09","slug":"covid-dersi-aci-gercekler-konusunda-halkiniza-guvenin","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.klimik.org.tr\/koronavirus\/covid-dersi-aci-gercekler-konusunda-halkiniza-guvenin\/","title":{"rendered":"COVID Dersi: Ac\u0131 Ger\u00e7ekler Konusunda Halk\u0131n\u0131za G\u00fcvenin"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\" wp-image-86974 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/www.klimik.org.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/nature.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"63\" height=\"19\" \/><strong>H\u00fck\u00fcmetlerin insanlar\u0131n pani\u011fe kap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 varsaymas\u0131 pandemiyi \u015fiddetlendirir.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Pandemi s\u0131ras\u0131ndaki pek \u00e7ok korkudan biri, \u00f6zellikle tehlikeliydi: h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerin halk\u0131na duydu\u011fu korku. Eski ABD ba\u015fkan\u0131 Donald Trump, &#8220;pani\u011fi azaltmak&#8221; i\u00e7in koronavirusun risklerini k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmsedi\u011fini itiraf etti. Brezilya Devlet Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Jair Bolsonaro, bas\u0131n\u0131 \u201chisteriye\u201d neden olmakla su\u00e7lad\u0131. \u0130ngiltere h\u00fck\u00fcmeti, \u0130ngiliz n\u00fcfusunun k\u0131s\u0131tlamalardan \u00e7abuk yorulaca\u011f\u0131ndan korkarak karantinay\u0131 erteledi. Ve benim memleketim Danimarka&#8217;da yetkililer, \u201cgereksiz korkudan\u201d ka\u00e7\u0131nmak i\u00e7in 2020 ba\u015flar\u0131nda halk\u0131n dikkatini pandemi haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131na \u00e7ekmemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>Danimarka sonradan, vatanda\u015flar\u0131na ac\u0131 ger\u00e7ekler konusunda g\u00fcvenme stratejisine y\u00f6neldi. Ard\u0131ndan gelen kat\u0131l\u0131m, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00f6l\u00fcm oranlar\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131 ve 50 ya\u015f\u0131n \u00fczerindeki herkeste %95 (ve genel n\u00fcfusta %75)&#8217;lik bir a\u015f\u0131lama oran\u0131 i\u00e7in zemin haz\u0131rlad\u0131. Eyl\u00fcl 2021&#8217;de \u00fclkem, COVID-19&#8217;un art\u0131k \u201ckritik tehdit\u201d olarak s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>Pandemiden \u00f6nce, Danimarkal\u0131lar\u0131n krizlere verdi\u011fi tepkileri incelemi\u015ftim; buna 2015 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130slamc\u0131 silahl\u0131 bir ki\u015finin tek ba\u015f\u0131na bir konu\u015fma etkinli\u011fine ve bir sinagoga sald\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl ter\u00f6r sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131 da dahildi. Meslekta\u015flar\u0131m ve ben Danimarkal\u0131lar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun bu olaylardan sonra M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara ate\u015f p\u00fcsk\u00fcrmedikleri veya haklar\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131tlama \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 yapmad\u0131klar\u0131 sonucuna vard\u0131k; bu k\u0131smen politikac\u0131lardan gelen net mesajlara ba\u011fl\u0131yd\u0131. Bu, irrasyonel ve zarar verici davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n hi\u00e7 ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmeyece\u011fi anlam\u0131na gelmez, ancak \u00f6zellikle yetkililer ve medya so\u011fukkanl\u0131 davrand\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, krizler kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki kitlesel panik e\u011filimi g\u00f6zde fazla b\u00fcy\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n<p>Mart 2020&#8217;de yurti\u00e7inde ve yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131nda pandemi m\u00fcdahalelerini incelemeye ba\u015flad\u0131m ve Danimarka h\u00fck\u00fcmetine dan\u0131\u015fman oldum. Genel mesaj\u0131m \u015fuydu: Halk\u0131n panikleyece\u011fini varsaymay\u0131n. Bu varsay\u0131m ters etki yapar ve ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar taraf\u0131ndan do\u011frulanmaz.<\/p>\n<p>Pandemi s\u0131ras\u0131nda h\u0131zl\u0131 davran\u0131\u015f de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir, bu nedenle insanlardan &#8216;sakin kalmalar\u0131 ve bir \u015fey yokmu\u015f gibi devam etmeleri&#8217; istenemez. S\u00f6z dinleyecek ve nas\u0131l hareket edeceklerini bilecek kadar krizi ciddiye alacaklarsa net bilgilere ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 vard\u0131r. Mart 2020&#8217;nin ba\u015flar\u0131nda, sosyal medyada, medyada ve nihayetinde Danimarka h\u00fck\u00fcmetine mesaj\u0131m buydu.<\/p>\n<p>Ba\u015fbakan Mette Frederiksen 11 Mart 2020&#8217;de soka\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kma yasa\u011f\u0131 ilan etti\u011finde, h\u00fck\u00fcmetin s\u00f6ylemi etkileyici bir netli\u011fe ve belirsizli\u011fin kabul\u00fcne do\u011fru evrilmi\u015fti. #FlattenTheCurve grafi\u011fi (birka\u00e7 g\u00fcn \u00f6nce The Economist dergisi taraf\u0131ndan pop\u00fcler hale getirildi), kontrols\u00fcz bir salg\u0131n\u0131n hastaneleri nas\u0131l zorlad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131ld\u0131. Bu bir aciliyet ve kriz duygusu yaratt\u0131, ama panik yaratmad\u0131. Ve Frederiksen belirsizli\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a kabul etti. \u201cBu durumda ke\u015ffedilmemi\u015f bir b\u00f6lgede duruyoruz\u201d dedi. &#8220;Hata yapacak m\u0131y\u0131z? Evet yapaca\u011f\u0131z.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Danimarkal\u0131 yetkililerin vatanda\u015flar\u0131na g\u00fcvenmeye cesaret ettikleri, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n onlara g\u00fcvendi\u011fini bildikleri iddia edilebilir. Ne de olsa Danimarka genellikle uluslararas\u0131 g\u00fcven ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131nda ba\u015f\u0131 \u00e7eker. Ancak bu deneyimin ba\u015fka bir yerle de ili\u015fkili oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar, afet kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda insanlar\u0131n panikle de\u011fil dayan\u0131\u015fmayla tepki verdi\u011fini s\u00fcrekli olarak ortaya koyuyor. \u00d6rne\u011fin, \u00c7in depreminden sonra yap\u0131lan bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma, insanlar\u0131n kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 yabanc\u0131larla payla\u015fmaya ve hay\u0131r i\u015fleri yapmaya daha istekli hale geldi\u011fini g\u00f6sterdi (L.-L. Rao ve di\u011ferleri. Evol. Hum. Behav. 32, 63-69; 2011). Fransa ve ba\u015fka yerlerdeki ter\u00f6r sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131ndan elde edilen kan\u0131tlar, Danimarka deneyimini yans\u0131t\u0131yor: siyasi liderler \u00f6rnek te\u015fkil ederse, ortalama bir vatanda\u015f az\u0131nl\u0131k etnik gruplara mensup insanlar\u0131n haklar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmaz. \u00c7o\u011fu insan, pandemi pani\u011finin en somut \u00f6rne\u011fi olan istifleme s\u0131ras\u0131nda bile tuvalet ka\u011f\u0131d\u0131 i\u00e7in s\u0131rada sab\u0131rla bekledi.<\/p>\n<p>Halk\u0131n tats\u0131z ger\u00e7eklerle etkili bir \u015fekilde ba\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kamayaca\u011f\u0131 fikri, pandemi y\u00f6netimini k\u00f6t\u00fc etkiler. Otoriteleri, kendi kendilerini ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa iten \u015fekilde ileti\u015fim kurmaya y\u00f6nlendirir. Grubumun ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131, mesajlar\u0131n \u00f6z-yeterlili\u011fi iletmesi gerekti\u011fini g\u00f6steriyor: ne yapaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve nas\u0131l yapaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildi\u011fini hisseden insanlar muhtemelen buna uyacakt\u0131r (F. J\u00f8rgensen ve di\u011ferleri. Br. J. Health Psychol. 26, 679-696; 2021 ). Halk\u0131n\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmseyen h\u00fck\u00fcmetler, halk\u0131n yapamad\u0131klar\u0131na odaklan\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Halka g\u00fcvenmeyen yetkililer, olumsuz veya karma\u015f\u0131k ger\u00e7ekleri de k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmserler. Paternalist otoriteler, diyelim ki azalan ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n veya yeni varyantlar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan kan\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamak yerine, belirsiz g\u00fcvenceler vermeye ba\u015fvururlar. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmam\u0131z, belirsizli\u011fin a\u015f\u0131 kabul\u00fcn\u00fc engelledi\u011fini ve yetkililere olan g\u00fcveni azaltt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor (M. B. Petersen ve di\u011ferleri Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 118, e2024597118; 2021).<\/p>\n<p>G\u00fcveni s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek anahtard\u0131r: a\u015f\u0131 kabul\u00fcn\u00fcn en iyi g\u00f6stergesi ve yanl\u0131\u015f bilgilendirmeye kar\u015f\u0131 bir panzehirdir. Danimarkal\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131k yetkilileri, yan etkiler son derece nadir olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, spesifik a\u015f\u0131lar\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ask\u0131ya ald\u0131klar\u0131nda ciddi, potansiyel olarak \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl yan etkilerden a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a bahsettiler. Benim ara\u015ft\u0131rmam ve di\u011fer ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar, bu karar\u0131n -dengeleme ve etkinli\u011fin a\u00e7\u0131k olarak tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131yla birlikte- genel olarak s\u00fcrece zarar vermedi\u011fini g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n<p>Siyaset bilimci ve ekonomi bilimi alan\u0131nda Nobel \u00f6d\u00fcll\u00fc Elinor Ostrom, politika \u00fcretenleri, insanlar\u0131n kendileri i\u00e7in d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme yeteneklerini dikkate almadan hareket ederek \u201cbirbirlerine \u00e7ok az g\u00fcvenen alayc\u0131 vatanda\u015flar\u201d yaratt\u0131klar\u0131 konusunda uyarm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Belki de bu t\u00fcr sorunlar devam ediyor, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc h\u00fck\u00fcmetler, psikolojik \u00f6nyarg\u0131lar \u00fczerine ara\u015ft\u0131rmalara dayanan davran\u0131\u015fsal tavsiyelere giderek daha fazla g\u00fcveniyorlar. Bu t\u00fcr ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar, halk\u0131n irrasyonel oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc desteklemeyi ama\u00e7lamasa da, siyasi elitler aras\u0131nda zaten pop\u00fcler olan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri g\u00fc\u00e7lendirebilecek \u015fekilde, insanlar\u0131n karar alma s\u00fcrecindeki hatalar\u0131 rutin olarak vurgular.<\/p>\n<p>Bu kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 g\u00fcvensizli\u011fi gidermek i\u00e7in ne yap\u0131labilir? Oyun teorisinden \u00f6d\u00fcn\u00e7 almak gerekirse, ilk hamleyi ancak otoriteler yapabilir. Otoriteler g\u00fcvenmeye cesaret edemezlerse, vatanda\u015flar asla g\u00fcvenmez.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-021-02758-2\"><strong>Yaz\u0131 \u0130\u00e7in T\u0131klay\u0131n\u0131z<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>H\u00fck\u00fcmetlerin insanlar\u0131n pani\u011fe kap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 varsaymas\u0131 pandemiyi \u015fiddetlendirir. Pandemi s\u0131ras\u0131ndaki pek \u00e7ok korkudan biri, \u00f6zellikle tehlikeliydi: h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerin halk\u0131na duydu\u011fu korku. Eski ABD ba\u015fkan\u0131 Donald Trump, &#8220;pani\u011fi azaltmak&#8221; i\u00e7in koronavirusun risklerini k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmsedi\u011fini itiraf etti. Brezilya Devlet Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Jair Bolsonaro, bas\u0131n\u0131 \u201chisteriye\u201d neden olmakla su\u00e7lad\u0131. \u0130ngiltere h\u00fck\u00fcmeti, \u0130ngiliz n\u00fcfusunun k\u0131s\u0131tlamalardan \u00e7abuk yorulaca\u011f\u0131ndan korkarak karantinay\u0131 erteledi. Ve benim memleketim Danimarka&#8217;da yetkililer, \u201cgereksiz korkudan\u201d ka\u00e7\u0131nmak i\u00e7in 2020 ba\u015flar\u0131nda halk\u0131n dikkatini pandemi haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131na \u00e7ekmemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Danimarka sonradan, vatanda\u015flar\u0131na ac\u0131 ger\u00e7ekler konusunda g\u00fcvenme stratejisine y\u00f6neldi. Ard\u0131ndan gelen kat\u0131l\u0131m, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00f6l\u00fcm oranlar\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131 ve 50 ya\u015f\u0131n \u00fczerindeki herkeste %95 (ve genel n\u00fcfusta %75)&#8217;lik bir a\u015f\u0131lama oran\u0131 i\u00e7in [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":5105,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.klimik.org.tr\/koronavirus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5104"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.klimik.org.tr\/koronavirus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.klimik.org.tr\/koronavirus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.klimik.org.tr\/koronavirus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.klimik.org.tr\/koronavirus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5104"}],"version-history":[{"count":14,"href":"https:\/\/www.klimik.org.tr\/koronavirus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5104\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5119,"href":"https:\/\/www.klimik.org.tr\/koronavirus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5104\/revisions\/5119"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.klimik.org.tr\/koronavirus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5105"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.klimik.org.tr\/koronavirus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5104"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.klimik.org.tr\/koronavirus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5104"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.klimik.org.tr\/koronavirus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5104"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}